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How To Write A College Paper

How To Write A College Paper I usually write down all the things that I observed, good and unhealthy, so my decision does not affect the content material and length of my review. I solely make a suggestion to just accept, revise, or reject if the journal particularly requests one. The choice is made by the editor, and my job as a reviewer is to offer a nuanced and detailed report on the paper to help the editor. The review course of is brutal enough scientifically without reviewers making it worse. The main features I think about are the novelty of the article and its influence on the sector. I all the time ask myself what makes this paper related and what new advance or contribution the paper represents. Then I follow a routine that will help me evaluate this. First, I verify the authors’ publication records in PubMed to get a really feel for his or her expertise within the subject. My evaluate begins with a paragraph summarizing the paper. Then I have bullet points for major comments and for minor comments. Minor comments could embrace flagging the mislabeling of a determine in the text or a misspelling that modifications the meaning of a typical time period. I also consider whether or not the article incorporates a good Introduction and outline of the state of the art, as that not directly exhibits whether the authors have a good information of the sector. Second, I take note of the outcomes and whether or not they have been compared with other similar printed research. Third, I think about whether the results or the proposed methodology have some potential broader applicability or relevance, because for my part this is important. Finally, I evaluate whether the methodology used is acceptable. I want to give them trustworthy feedback of the identical type that I hope to obtain once I submit a paper. My evaluations are likely to take the form of a summary of the arguments within the paper, followed by a abstract of my reactions and then a sequence of the particular points that I needed to lift. Mostly, I am making an attempt to identify the authors’ claims in the paper that I did not find convincing and guide them to ways that these points can be strengthened . If I discover the paper especially interesting , I tend to provide a extra detailed evaluate as a result of I need to encourage the authors to develop the paper . My tone is one of attempting to be constructive and useful although, in fact, the authors may not agree with that characterization. However, I know that being on the receiving end of a evaluate is sort of stressful, and a critique of one thing that is close to one’s heart can easily be perceived as unjust. I attempt to write my evaluations in a tone and form that I may put my name to, although critiques in my field are usually double-blind and never signed. A evaluation is primarily for the benefit of the editor, to assist them reach a choice about whether or not to publish or not, however I try to make my evaluations helpful for the authors as nicely. I all the time write my reviews as though I am talking to the scientists in particular person. I attempt exhausting to avoid rude or disparaging remarks. Overall, I try to make comments that would make the paper stronger. My tone is very formal, scientific, and in third person. If there's a major flaw or concern, I attempt to be honest and again it up with evidence. I'm aiming to offer a comprehensive interpretation of the standard of the paper that will be of use to each the editor and the authors. I start with a brief summary of the outcomes and conclusions as a method to present that I actually have understood the paper and have a common opinion. I always comment on the type of the paper, highlighting whether or not it is well written, has appropriate grammar, and follows a correct construction. When you deliver criticism, your comments should be honest but always respectful and accompanied with recommendations to improve the manuscript. I try to act as a neutral, curious reader who desires to understand each detail. If there are things I struggle with, I will recommend that the authors revise components of their paper to make it more stable or broadly accessible. Also, I take the perspective that if the writer cannot convincingly explain her examine and findings to an informed reader, then the paper has not met the burden for acceptance in the journal. The proven fact that solely 5% of a journal’s readers may ever take a look at a paper, for instance, can’t be used as criteria for rejection, if in fact it is a seminal paper that may impact that area. And we by no means know what findings will quantity to in a number of years; many breakthrough studies were not acknowledged as such for many years. If the authors have presented a new device or software, I will take a look at it in detail. First, I learn a printed model to get an general impression. I additionally pay attention to the schemes and figures; if they are properly designed and arranged, then in most cases the entire paper has also been fastidiously thought out. I think plenty of reviewers strategy a paper with the philosophy that they are there to determine flaws. But I only point out flaws in the event that they matter, and I will ensure the evaluation is constructive. I try to be constructive by suggesting methods to improve the problematic features, if that's possible, and likewise attempt to hit a calm and friendly but also neutral and goal tone. This just isn't at all times easy, particularly if I discover what I think is a severe flaw in the manuscript. So I can solely fee what priority I believe the paper ought to obtain for publication right now. The determination comes along throughout reading and making notes. If there are critical mistakes or lacking parts, then I don't recommend publication.

How To Write A College Paper

How To Write A College Paper I usually write down all the things that I observed, good and unhealthy, so my decision does not affect the content material and length of my review. I solely make a suggestion to just accept, revise, or reject if the journal particularly requests one. The choice is made by the editor, and my job as a reviewer is to offer a nuanced and detailed report on the paper to help the editor. The review course of is brutal enough scientifically without reviewers making it worse. The main features I think about are the novelty of the article and its influence on the sector. I all the time ask myself what makes this paper related and what new advance or contribution the paper represents. Then I follow a routine that will help me evaluate this. First, I verify the authors’ publication records in PubMed to get a really feel for his or her expertise within the subject. My evaluate begins with a paragraph summarizing the paper. Then I have bullet points for major comments and for minor comments. Minor comments could embrace flagging the mislabeling of a determine in the text or a misspelling that modifications the meaning of a typical time period. I also consider whether or not the article incorporates a good Introduction and outline of the state of the art, as that not directly exhibits whether the authors have a good information of the sector. Second, I take note of the outcomes and whether or not they have been compared with other similar printed research. Third, I think about whether the results or the proposed methodology have some potential broader applicability or relevance, because for my part this is important. Finally, I evaluate whether the methodology used is acceptable. I want to give them trustworthy feedback of the identical type that I hope to obtain once I submit a paper. My evaluations are likely to take the form of a summary of the arguments within the paper, followed by a abstract of my reactions and then a sequence of the particular points that I needed to lift. Mostly, I am making an attempt to identify the authors’ claims in the paper that I did not find convincing and guide them to ways that these points can be strengthened . If I discover the paper especially interesting , I tend to provide a extra detailed evaluate as a result of I need to encourage the authors to develop the paper . My tone is one of attempting to be constructive and useful although, in fact, the authors may not agree with that characterization. However, I know that being on the receiving end of a evaluate is sort of stressful, and a critique of one thing that is close to one’s heart can easily be perceived as unjust. I attempt to write my evaluations in a tone and form that I may put my name to, although critiques in my field are usually double-blind and never signed. A evaluation is primarily for the benefit of the editor, to assist them reach a choice about whether or not to publish or not, however I try to make my evaluations helpful for the authors as nicely. I all the time write my reviews as though I am talking to the scientists in particular person. I attempt exhausting to avoid rude or disparaging remarks. Overall, I try to make comments that would make the paper stronger. My tone is very formal, scientific, and in third person. If there's a major flaw or concern, I attempt to be honest and again it up with evidence. I'm aiming to offer a comprehensive interpretation of the standard of the paper that will be of use to each the editor and the authors. I start with a brief summary of the outcomes and conclusions as a method to present that I actually have understood the paper and have a common opinion. I always comment on the type of the paper, highlighting whether or not it is well written, has appropriate grammar, and follows a correct construction. When you deliver criticism, your comments should be honest but always respectful and accompanied with recommendations to improve the manuscript. I try to act as a neutral, curious reader who desires to understand each detail. If there are things I struggle with, I will recommend that the authors revise components of their paper to make it more stable or broadly accessible. Also, I take the perspective that if the writer cannot convincingly explain her examine and findings to an informed reader, then the paper has not met the burden for acceptance in the journal. The proven fact that solely 5% of a journal’s readers may ever take a look at a paper, for instance, can’t be used as criteria for rejection, if in fact it is a seminal paper that may impact that area. And we by no means know what findings will quantity to in a number of years; many breakthrough studies were not acknowledged as such for many years. If the authors have presented a new device or software, I will take a look at it in detail. First, I learn a printed model to get an general impression. I additionally pay attention to the schemes and figures; if they are properly designed and arranged, then in most cases the entire paper has also been fastidiously thought out. I think plenty of reviewers strategy a paper with the philosophy that they are there to determine flaws. But I only point out flaws in the event that they matter, and I will ensure the evaluation is constructive. I try to be constructive by suggesting methods to improve the problematic features, if that's possible, and likewise attempt to hit a calm and friendly but also neutral and goal tone. This just isn't at all times easy, particularly if I discover what I think is a severe flaw in the manuscript. So I can solely fee what priority I believe the paper ought to obtain for publication right now. The determination comes along throughout reading and making notes. If there are critical mistakes or lacking parts, then I don't recommend publication.

How To Write A College Paper

How To Write A College Paper I usually write down all the things that I observed, good and unhealthy, so my decision does not affect the content material and length of my review. I solely make a suggestion to just accept, revise, or reject if the journal particularly requests one. The choice is made by the editor, and my job as a reviewer is to offer a nuanced and detailed report on the paper to help the editor. The review course of is brutal enough scientifically without reviewers making it worse. The main features I think about are the novelty of the article and its influence on the sector. I all the time ask myself what makes this paper related and what new advance or contribution the paper represents. Then I follow a routine that will help me evaluate this. First, I verify the authors’ publication records in PubMed to get a really feel for his or her expertise within the subject. My evaluate begins with a paragraph summarizing the paper. Then I have bullet points for major comments and for minor comments. Minor comments could embrace flagging the mislabeling of a determine in the text or a misspelling that modifications the meaning of a typical time period. I also consider whether or not the article incorporates a good Introduction and outline of the state of the art, as that not directly exhibits whether the authors have a good information of the sector. Second, I take note of the outcomes and whether or not they have been compared with other similar printed research. Third, I think about whether the results or the proposed methodology have some potential broader applicability or relevance, because for my part this is important. Finally, I evaluate whether the methodology used is acceptable. I want to give them trustworthy feedback of the identical type that I hope to obtain once I submit a paper. My evaluations are likely to take the form of a summary of the arguments within the paper, followed by a abstract of my reactions and then a sequence of the particular points that I needed to lift. Mostly, I am making an attempt to identify the authors’ claims in the paper that I did not find convincing and guide them to ways that these points can be strengthened . If I discover the paper especially interesting , I tend to provide a extra detailed evaluate as a result of I need to encourage the authors to develop the paper . My tone is one of attempting to be constructive and useful although, in fact, the authors may not agree with that characterization. However, I know that being on the receiving end of a evaluate is sort of stressful, and a critique of one thing that is close to one’s heart can easily be perceived as unjust. I attempt to write my evaluations in a tone and form that I may put my name to, although critiques in my field are usually double-blind and never signed. A evaluation is primarily for the benefit of the editor, to assist them reach a choice about whether or not to publish or not, however I try to make my evaluations helpful for the authors as nicely. I all the time write my reviews as though I am talking to the scientists in particular person. I attempt exhausting to avoid rude or disparaging remarks. Overall, I try to make comments that would make the paper stronger. My tone is very formal, scientific, and in third person. If there's a major flaw or concern, I attempt to be honest and again it up with evidence. I'm aiming to offer a comprehensive interpretation of the standard of the paper that will be of use to each the editor and the authors. I start with a brief summary of the outcomes and conclusions as a method to present that I actually have understood the paper and have a common opinion. I always comment on the type of the paper, highlighting whether or not it is well written, has appropriate grammar, and follows a correct construction. When you deliver criticism, your comments should be honest but always respectful and accompanied with recommendations to improve the manuscript. I try to act as a neutral, curious reader who desires to understand each detail. If there are things I struggle with, I will recommend that the authors revise components of their paper to make it more stable or broadly accessible. Also, I take the perspective that if the writer cannot convincingly explain her examine and findings to an informed reader, then the paper has not met the burden for acceptance in the journal. The proven fact that solely 5% of a journal’s readers may ever take a look at a paper, for instance, can’t be used as criteria for rejection, if in fact it is a seminal paper that may impact that area. And we by no means know what findings will quantity to in a number of years; many breakthrough studies were not acknowledged as such for many years. If the authors have presented a new device or software, I will take a look at it in detail. First, I learn a printed model to get an general impression. I additionally pay attention to the schemes and figures; if they are properly designed and arranged, then in most cases the entire paper has also been fastidiously thought out. I think plenty of reviewers strategy a paper with the philosophy that they are there to determine flaws. But I only point out flaws in the event that they matter, and I will ensure the evaluation is constructive. I try to be constructive by suggesting methods to improve the problematic features, if that's possible, and likewise attempt to hit a calm and friendly but also neutral and goal tone. This just isn't at all times easy, particularly if I discover what I think is a severe flaw in the manuscript. So I can solely fee what priority I believe the paper ought to obtain for publication right now. The determination comes along throughout reading and making notes. If there are critical mistakes or lacking parts, then I don't recommend publication.

How To Write A College Paper

How To Write A College Paper I usually write down all the things that I observed, good and unhealthy, so my decision does not affect the content material and length of my review. I solely make a suggestion to just accept, revise, or reject if the journal particularly requests one. The choice is made by the editor, and my job as a reviewer is to offer a nuanced and detailed report on the paper to help the editor. The review course of is brutal enough scientifically without reviewers making it worse. The main features I think about are the novelty of the article and its influence on the sector. I all the time ask myself what makes this paper related and what new advance or contribution the paper represents. Then I follow a routine that will help me evaluate this. First, I verify the authors’ publication records in PubMed to get a really feel for his or her expertise within the subject. My evaluate begins with a paragraph summarizing the paper. Then I have bullet points for major comments and for minor comments. Minor comments could embrace flagging the mislabeling of a determine in the text or a misspelling that modifications the meaning of a typical time period. I also consider whether or not the article incorporates a good Introduction and outline of the state of the art, as that not directly exhibits whether the authors have a good information of the sector. Second, I take note of the outcomes and whether or not they have been compared with other similar printed research. Third, I think about whether the results or the proposed methodology have some potential broader applicability or relevance, because for my part this is important. Finally, I evaluate whether the methodology used is acceptable. I want to give them trustworthy feedback of the identical type that I hope to obtain once I submit a paper. My evaluations are likely to take the form of a summary of the arguments within the paper, followed by a abstract of my reactions and then a sequence of the particular points that I needed to lift. Mostly, I am making an attempt to identify the authors’ claims in the paper that I did not find convincing and guide them to ways that these points can be strengthened . If I discover the paper especially interesting , I tend to provide a extra detailed evaluate as a result of I need to encourage the authors to develop the paper . My tone is one of attempting to be constructive and useful although, in fact, the authors may not agree with that characterization. However, I know that being on the receiving end of a evaluate is sort of stressful, and a critique of one thing that is close to one’s heart can easily be perceived as unjust. I attempt to write my evaluations in a tone and form that I may put my name to, although critiques in my field are usually double-blind and never signed. A evaluation is primarily for the benefit of the editor, to assist them reach a choice about whether or not to publish or not, however I try to make my evaluations helpful for the authors as nicely. I all the time write my reviews as though I am talking to the scientists in particular person. I attempt exhausting to avoid rude or disparaging remarks. Overall, I try to make comments that would make the paper stronger. My tone is very formal, scientific, and in third person. If there's a major flaw or concern, I attempt to be honest and again it up with evidence. I'm aiming to offer a comprehensive interpretation of the standard of the paper that will be of use to each the editor and the authors. I start with a brief summary of the outcomes and conclusions as a method to present that I actually have understood the paper and have a common opinion. I always comment on the type of the paper, highlighting whether or not it is well written, has appropriate grammar, and follows a correct construction. When you deliver criticism, your comments should be honest but always respectful and accompanied with recommendations to improve the manuscript. I try to act as a neutral, curious reader who desires to understand each detail. If there are things I struggle with, I will recommend that the authors revise components of their paper to make it more stable or broadly accessible. Also, I take the perspective that if the writer cannot convincingly explain her examine and findings to an informed reader, then the paper has not met the burden for acceptance in the journal. The proven fact that solely 5% of a journal’s readers may ever take a look at a paper, for instance, can’t be used as criteria for rejection, if in fact it is a seminal paper that may impact that area. And we by no means know what findings will quantity to in a number of years; many breakthrough studies were not acknowledged as such for many years. If the authors have presented a new device or software, I will take a look at it in detail. First, I learn a printed model to get an general impression. I additionally pay attention to the schemes and figures; if they are properly designed and arranged, then in most cases the entire paper has also been fastidiously thought out. I think plenty of reviewers strategy a paper with the philosophy that they are there to determine flaws. But I only point out flaws in the event that they matter, and I will ensure the evaluation is constructive. I try to be constructive by suggesting methods to improve the problematic features, if that's possible, and likewise attempt to hit a calm and friendly but also neutral and goal tone. This just isn't at all times easy, particularly if I discover what I think is a severe flaw in the manuscript. So I can solely fee what priority I believe the paper ought to obtain for publication right now. The determination comes along throughout reading and making notes. If there are critical mistakes or lacking parts, then I don't recommend publication.

STEREOTYPES EXIST BECAUSE THEY ARE GROUNDED IN TRUTH - 1375 Words

STEREOTYPES EXIST BECAUSE THEY ARE GROUNDED IN TRUTH (Essay Sample) Content: Muhammad Mumtaz 2018-10-0281 Aamna Khalid SS-100 (Sec-11) 11 November 2015 STEREOTYPES EXIST BECAUSE THEY ARE GROUNDED IN TRUTH We live in a cynical world. This is a world that is defined by cut throat corporate cultures, tall buildings, men in suits, the U.S.A, secret agencies, Stock Market, sharp and incisive media outlets, bright neon lights, a great deal of mistrust and extreme competitiveness. And in this extremely competitive world, Stereotypes are the order of the day. A study by Colorado Research consortium, University of Colorado, defined stereotypes as generalizations, or assumptions, that people make about the characteristics of all members of a group, based on an image about what people in that group are like (Stereotypes 1). The world is so engrossed in its capitalist ways that it has become absolutely dependant on stereotypes to protect it. The logic, of course, is that since these stereotypes have formulated on basis of repeated evidences, they hold value, and that they are a time friendly way of approaching life. But is it not also true that culture is not stable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" evolving? Stereotypes do exist. Although many believe that stereotypes are founded on truth nevertheless, stereotypes are not grounded in reality because they do not take into consideration that society is ever evolving, that they frequently persist due to a faulty media and that at times they serve as political weapons. The most convincing argument that is presented by those who believe that stereotypes are based on reality is based on lessons from history, and the fact that they have stood the test of time is testament to their correctness. Proponents of stereotypes may point towards numerous examples of people behaving in accordance with the stereotypes set for them. For instance, an African American prefers RAP music, and that he is strong and evasive. But in hindsight, this basis of argument is maligned and incorrect due to the fact these data are misleading and can be considered an over-generalization. Stereotypes take years to develop, and as such cannot cope with the change in culture and practices of any community. For example, one study of stereotypes revealed that Americans are generally considered to be friendly, generous, and tolerant, but also arrogant, impatient, and domineering. Asians, on the other hand, were expected to be shrewd and alert, but reserved. Clearly, not all Americans a re friendly and generous; and not all Asians are shrewd. If you assume you know what a person is like, and don't look at each person as an individual, you are likely to make errors in your estimates of a person's character. Lest we forget, according to the Rolling Stone Magazine, the greatest ROCK guitarist of all time is Jimi Hendrix, an African American. Females are stereotyped to be bad drivers. In the world we live in today, such an assumption is not just crude, but also lashed upon by feminists. It is both discriminatory and incorrect. Therefore, it is preposterous to suggest that stereotypes are grounded in reality on this argument alone. Another argument that is oft presented is based more on examples and assumptions, than on a thesis. This argument suggests that "since a certain part of a community is engaged in an activity thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s part of its stereotype, that makes the stereotype grounded in reality." This argument is filled with fallacies. Like the Religious Stereotype we see existing in America particularly, at present. All this started after the 9/11 incident in New York, in which a particular clan of self-proclaimed Muslims engaged in one of the most devastating terrorist attacks in history. Many lives were lost that day. But is it right to attribute the activities of all Muslims with those of these terrorists? Is it right, to always considering a bearded Muslim as a terrorist? What have the innocent done to deserve the same treatment as that of terrorists in America? Every person has an opinion of their own. These Muslims might as well be more Americans than anyone else. Taking another example into view point, in the democratic world we live in today, is there any place for such a view that is resoundingly similar to Adolf Hitlerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view on Jews? Of course not, but it is essential to present that point because these generalizations are hauntingly similar and dangerous. Another point against this argument is that by definition, a generalization of a stereotype represents a majority. So this argument contradicts the very foundations of stereotype itself. On the other hand, the fact that stereotypes do not take into account the fact that society is ever evolving makes them hollow and invalid. Stereotypes take years to formulate, even generations. Past generations saw women as vulnerable whereas nowadays they are considered an equally important part of the work force. Yet the stereotype persists that women are bad drivers, or that they are weaker than men. A commonly held belief is that it was Eve who made Adam eat the apple, which led to Adam being evicted from heaven on to Earth. This has led to the stereotype that women are the weakness of men. These stereotypes are created because of the slowness of our minds. We take in more of what we are fed, than of what we see for ourselves. We have attached weakness with women even though they are scientifically proven to be capable of enduring more pain than a man. So, are stereotypes grounded in reality? Another argument is that since the media is biased, stereotypes which are propagated through virtual reality cannot be "grounded in truthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In accordance with the Heisenberg principle of uncertainty, there is no one reality and therefore determining what is real and attributing stereotypes to reality is quite incorrect. Reality is in fact an ever changing phenomenon of space and time and what we classify as real for now, may not be real at some other time. For example, African Americans are stereotyped as being prone to drug addiction. . This image has been circulated from the FBI fed media in the 70à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s who wished to start gang wars among them, and propelled further by the antics of reggae singer Bob Marley (who is Jamaican and not African American) and even today, they are stereotyped through films and music videos. The media further shows that colored people frequently use abusive and inappropriate language as compared to the white people, inducing a f eeling that black people are more violent than their white equivalents. If anything, this proves yet again that the origins of stereotypes are based on what...

Association of Homosexuality - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 983 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Homosexuality Essay Did you like this example? Dance has been around for many years; a lot of people even pursue a dance career. There is not just one type of dance, there is a variety of different types of dances. Two of the most common ones are ballet and modern dance, which everyone believes to be a female sport. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Association of Homosexuality" essay for you Create order Many people are involved in dance since childhood and proceed throughout their life. Most people do not realize that males also find interest in dancing and do not see anything wrong in them wanting to join ballet. Some people will support their male friends and family to pursue a dance career and others will not since its known to be a female sport. It is often that males experience bullying for being in dance. There is a problem they face, it being a stereotype about male dancers and questioning their sexuality since everyone thinks that ballet, dance in general, is only for females. One of the most common stereotypes is that if there is a male in dance, they are gay or that all male dancers are gay (Bailey and Obershneider 1997; Polasek and Roper 2011). Dance is defined as a culturally feminine activity or that its just for girls (Polasek and Roper 2011; Risner 2014). Since almost everyone believes that dance is a female sport there are boys who choose not to join dance. They fear that being in dance is going to get them judged and there are some that even know the challenge of being in dance. They know that they are going to hear stereotypes and even experience bullying. The stereotypes limit the participation in dance by those who do not want to be a part of the stereotypes (Risner 2007). Bullying occurs every day in general without being in dance. Now imagine to what extent the male dancers experience bullying. A male dancer explained how he gave up dancing because of the harassment he experienced, fag. I think that was actually one of the reasons why I even tually gave up ballet was just because of the constant harassment. Some males also must prove their masculinity just, so people will not stereotype that all male dancers are gay, but most do not continue being in dance because they just dont like experiencing the harassment. Research was done to see how many males experience bullying. The bullying goes as far as teasing and name calling, verbal or physical harassment, verbal threats or threatening behavior, physical harm or injury (Risner 2014). I feel like males either stay away from joining dance or discontinue their dance career because they need support from someone else. It will boost their confidence in joining dance and it will make them fearless and careless of what others say or think. Males also stay away from dance because they do not have support from someone else. On another side its not just peers who believe the stereotype of dance being just for females, it also lies on the parents. The more supportive they are toward their son being in dance the more positive his attitude will be. Also dance teachers, since most of them are female directors they tend to have a negative attitude toward male dancers, theyll relate them to a fag. Some boys got support from their mothers and their sisters and some were introduced to dance by their mothers and sisters (Polsek and Roper 2011). Studies showed that the mothers and dance teachers were more supportive toward their sons than the fathers were (Risner 2014). It was always the males (fathers, male friends, brothers, etc.) who would give them the least support. The fathers would give them negative attitudes toward dance, their disapproval was due to the association of dance with it being feminine and because of homosexuality (Polsek and Roper 2011). Due to the pressure and the stereotypes that they feel because of their peers and their family the dancers isolate themselves, not only do some drop out of dance, but some hide it from others. Although there were some fathers who actually supported their sons being in dance, some fathers even joined a dance team just so their son would not quit. Most of the assumptions of male dancers being gay is because there do exist some male dancers that are homosexual. A study suggested that gay men are overrepresented in professional dancers (Bailey and Oberschneider 1997). The reason where the homosexual assumptions come from are because like most people know, dance is a part of art and requires the participants to change into different outfits and for males wearing tights is not the norm. The most common type of dances that fall under that stereotype are ballet and modern dance, it falls under the way they dress (Polsek and Roper 2011). Seven of the participants suggested that such stereotypes were due to the costumes (tights speci? ¬?cally), make-up, and movements required of male dancersappearances and behaviors often deemed feminine (Polsek and Roper 2011). Not only the costumes, but also in the way that the male dancers moved and the way that they moved was known to be as feminine, eventually they would see other male dancers and got use to it. In conclusion, dance should not be believed as just for females. In fact, males should be able to dance without being harassed or bullied. The association that exists within the assumption of homosexuality and males in female- dominated sports lies within the people and the way they perceive dance. Since dance is believed to be feminine there are stereotypes about males sexuality. The males suffer from the homosexual/feminine stereotype because not only do they not feel comfortable joining dance, some families do not accept for a male to be in dance. It all lies on the fact that there do exist gay male dancers, the way they dress, and the way they dance. This is the basis as to why the people believe that all male dancers are gay.

Sprawl and Small Businesses Essay - 1503 Words

Sprawl and Small Businesses During the past 15 years, I have seen my once-rural hometown of Washington Township transform into a maze of single-family housing developments and strip malls. This type of growth has not been gentle on the local economy, especially small businesses. Stores such as the mom and pop hardware store, a local mainstay for many decades, have been forced out of business by the construction of two Home Depots and a Lowe’s within a two-mile radius of the town’s main street. This negative aspect of sprawl has been a trend that has repeated itself nationwide in recent years. Mega chain stores, or big boxes, are a phenomenon that has spread all over the country, and has exploded in†¦show more content†¦They thrive on duplicating these qualities in every store regardless of location or demographics of the area. This conditions consumers to shop at their stores because they know what they are going to get and feel comfortable going there. For example, when a family who shopped at the Home Depot in New York moves to Washington Township, they are probably going to shop at the Home Depot there, rather than the local hardware store. The conditioning, or â€Å"brainwashing† as some view it, of customers is evident in the effect on the economy of Mercer County. The proprietor of the former hardware store in Washington Township also owns several other stores in the neighboring towns of Hamilton and Trenton. These surrounding communities have been developed long ago and haven’t seen the recent inflow of new housing and people that Washington has. Many of the people in those towns are working class and have roots in their respective communities. These people continue to support the smaller hardware stores, and business has not been affected after Home Depot and Lowe’s moved in. However, the store located in Washington Township was devastated by the construction of the mega stores. After speaking to the owner of the store, it seems as if the store’s demise was due to the â€Å"brainwashing† of the younger generations. Many of the residents that have moved into Washington Township during the past 10 years are young, upper-middle classShow MoreRelatedUrban Sprawl And New Urbanism1200 Words   |  5 PagesUrban Sprawl and New Urbanism In the modern world, human civilization has seen many changes from earlier points in our history. In the more developed countries in the world, human civilization is broken up into two main categories known as â€Å"Urban Sprawl† and â€Å"New Urbanism†. In the interactive, Urban Sprawl and New Urbanism are broken down into five main branches: Regional Transportation, Parking, Street Plans, Shops, Civic Buildings, Workplaces, and Residential Distribution. 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Knights Of Columbus Essay Contest Example For Students

Knights Of Columbus Essay Contest Columbus / First trip to MoonColumbuss first voyage and the first trip to the moon are similar in many ways and they are also different too. I am going to compare them five different ways. First, by their preparation; second, by their courage; third, by their service to civilization; fourth, by their equipment; and last, by the publics opinion. First, preparation, Columbus got preparaed for his voyage by first asking the King of Portugal,who refused, then he asked the King and Queen of Spain. King Ferdanand and Queen Isabella of Spain refused Columbus for the first six years that he kept asking,but once he was ready to give up, they gave in and gave him the money, supplies, and the ships he needed. He had three ships, the Santa Maria, the largest of the three, the Pinta, and the Nina. The first trip to the moon needed some preparation, also. They got preparaed by getting the funds from NASA and taking many years to prepare a space shuttle, and making it suitable to ride. They had to prepare by testing certain things on the shuttle and training the astronauts. Second,courage, Columbus had to have courage if he could sail for thousands of miles. He had no idea that he was in a different place than he actually thought he was. He also had to have courage to face the Indians. The astronauts of Apollo 11, who were the first ones to make it to the moon, definitely had to have courage to go up in space never knowing if something would go wrong and they would never see their familyagain. Like Columbus, the astronauts had to travel thousands of miles, and had to have courage to face whatever was there up on the moon. Third, service to civilization, Columbus had served the civilization in Spain by bringing back new things that they had never seen before. He also became a hero to their civilization when he came back . The astronauts on the first trip to the moon also became heroes to the Americans and they had finally beat Russia in the space race, which made many Americans happy. Fourth, equipment, Columbuss equipment may not have been as high tech as the Apollo 11 missions, but he did have some high tech stuff for that time period. He had a compass and had a way of altering the distance charts. The astronauts equipment was a lot more high tech than that of Columbuss, they had to have electricity to work many things, which was not around in Columbuss time. Like Columbus, the astronauts had to use a compass to show which direction they were going,Last, public opinion, the publics opinion of Columbus was that of a hero. They all thought hewas the greatest to sail to another world and bring back many things that they have never seen. Like Columbus , the astronauts were heroes also , they recieved medals and became three of the most well known people in history. As you can see that even though there is a big year difference in between Columbuss first voyage and the first trip to the moon, they are alike in many ways. They both had fundings from higher authorities and some of their equipment was similar, and they both came out with well known heroes.

Unbearable Ecstasy, Reverence and Awe, and the Perpetuation of an Aesthetic Conflict Essay Example

Unbearable Ecstasy, Reverence and Awe, and the Perpetuation of an Aesthetic Conflict Essay In this paper, I will attempt to explicate and discuss some aspects of Frances Tustins concept of the unbearable ecstasy of at-one-ment emphasizing her attentiveness to the importance of the containing function of the mother with regard to this elemental experience; Meltzers notion of the aesthetic conflict; and Bions important and original distinction between reverence and awe and defensive idealization as each of these specific themes separately and in combination have some essential bearing upon the provocation or mitigation of envy, the process of introjection, the development of both healthy and pathological internal object relations, and the resultant nature of the super-ego and individual self-esteem. I hope to be able to demonstrate how these concepts overlap, intersect, and modify one another perhaps reflecting the personal and professional intersection between these three clinicians and their profound impact on my thinking. Toward this end, I will offer clinical case material, both as a background for and an illustration of the phenomena described, as well as certain conclusions, which may have some impact upon our attitude and technique in psychoanalysis. To begin with, I would like to present a clinical vignette from the analysis of a patient, whom I will call Jessica, as an introduction to and background for the theoretical discussion which follows. Jessica (Clinical Material Omitted Here) We will write a custom essay sample on Unbearable Ecstasy, Reverence and Awe, and the Perpetuation of an Aesthetic Conflict specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Unbearable Ecstasy, Reverence and Awe, and the Perpetuation of an Aesthetic Conflict specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Unbearable Ecstasy, Reverence and Awe, and the Perpetuation of an Aesthetic Conflict specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Aesthetic Conflict I was re-minded of Jessicas experience while reading Donald Meltzers paper (Meltzer Williams, 1988) on what he terms the aesthetic conflict. In that paper, Meltzer states: It has probably escaped no-ones attention that the percentage of beautiful mothers recorded in the course of psycho-analysis far exceeds the national average and that this appellation clearly refers back to childhood impressions often completely out of keeping with later more objective judgments by the patients of their middle-aged parent (p.8-9). Here Meltzer prompts our consideration of the possibility that the view of the beautiful mother, often presented by patients in analysis, harkens back to some early proto-aesthetic experience; one that is however not without conflict. Rocked in the cradle of the deep of his mothers graceful walk; lulled by the music of her voice set against the syncopation of his own heart-beat and hers; responding in dance like a little seal, playful as a puppy. But moments of anxiety, short of fetal distress, may also transmit itself through heart-beat, rigidity, trembling, jarring movements; perhaps a coital activity may be disturbing rather than enjoyable, perhaps again dependent on the quality of maternal emotion; maternal fatigue may transmit itself by loss of postural tone and graceless movement (p.17). In this passage Meltzer indicates that the baby knows its mother inside and out as both the bad and the beautiful and is impacted on a sensual level by each of her physical, mental, and emotional qualities even before its birth. This notion reverberates with findings from current fetal observation (Mancia 1981; Piontelli 1985, 1987, 1988, 1992a, 1992b), psychoanalytic/clinical inference (Bion 1976/1987,1977a; Freud 1926; Hansen 1994; Maiello 1995; Mitrani 1996; Osterweil 1990; Paul 1981, 1989, 1990; Share 1994), and imaginative conjecture (Bion 1979). Indeed Meltzer purports that . . . every baby knows from experience that his mother has an inside world, a world where he has dwelled and from whence he has been expelled or escaped, depending on his point of view (p.21), and he goes on to posit that, after birth: The ordinary devoted mother presents to her ordinary beautiful baby a complex object of overwhelming interest, both sensual and infra-sensual. Her outward beauty . . . bombards him with an emotional experience of a passionate quality, the result of his being able to see [her] as beautiful. But the meaning of his mothers behavior, of the appearance and disappearance of the breast and of the light in her eyes, of a face over which emotions pass like the shadows of clouds over the landscape, are unknown to him (p.22). Meltzer seems to suggest here that mother is an enigma to her baby. The baby may have known her, and yet perhaps shaken by the impressive caesura of the act of birth (Freud 1926) it has suddenly become uncertain of what it knows. Is she a beauty or the beast? When Meltzer proposes that This is the aesthetic conflict, which can be most precisely stated in terms of the aesthetic impact of the outside of the beautiful mother available to the senses, and the enigmatic inside which must be construed by creative imagination (p.22, italic mine). it seems that he is implying that the babys sensory experience of the beautiful (good) mother must be confirmed by what the baby finds inside the mother, and that the babys experience of the mothers inner world her mood, her emotional and mental life, her attitudes about herself and her baby is colored by creative imagination, i.e., by its own phantasies via the process of projective identification. However further along, Meltzer appends the above conclusion, submitting that the baby must wait like Kafkas K for decisions from the castle of his mothers inner world (p.22). With this addition, it would seem he is suggesting and, I believe, is correct in doing so that it is not just the babys creative imagination that imbues the inside of the mother and the babys pre- and postnatal experience of her with meaning, since, as he so astutely observes, the baby must derive its cues from the mothers conscious and unconscious communications; that is, the baby must wait for its mother to confirm its greatest hopes or its gravest fears. To put it another way, the baby asks: how does mother view/experience herself? and it must anxiously await the answer from its mother. I believe that the babys question and the mothers answer together constitute one aspect of the type of reality testing that Melanie Klein (1975) referred to as the means by which the baby finds validation for the enduring existence of the good breast, the good internal object, and the good experience it represents. An example of this type of reality testing, and the consequences of a distorted message being received from the castle of the mothers inner world, may be seen in the following material from the four times per week analysis of another patient whom I will refer to as Carla. Carla (Clinical Material Omitted Here) Lara (Clinical Material Omitted Here) Reverence and Awe versus Idealization In a paper read at a scientific meeting of the Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society in 1967, Bion (1992) described an encounter with one patient who came to him after a previous analysis from which he had benefited, but with which he was nonetheless dissatisfied. At first Bion expected to find greed at the bottom of this patients distress, but it soon became clear to him that there was something else going on. Bion described his patients outpourings, which were so fragmented that they would have required an omniscient analyst to sort out and make sense of (p.289). Bions interpretations were either labeled brilliant or they were met with extreme disappointment and hostility to the point of depression. He finally concluded that: There is a great difference between idealization of a parent because the child is in despair, and idealization because the child is in search of an outlet for feelings of reverence and awe. In the latter instance the problem centers on frustration and the inability to tolerate frustration of a fundamental part of a particular patients make-up. This is likely to happen if the patient is capable of love and admiration to an outstanding degree; in the former instance the patient may have no particular capacity for affection but a great greed to be its recipient. The answer to the question which is it ? will not be found in any textbook but only in the process of psycho-analysis itself (p.292). In his customary style, Bion avoids saturating his concepts, leaving them somewhat ambiguous, and thus allowing us the freedom to use our own capacity for imaginative conjecture to fill in the blanks, so to speak. I will yield to the temptation to do so with the understanding that the reader may draw his or her own conclusions, which may very well differ from my own. I think Bion seems to be saying that, in this instance, he had met with a patient for whom Kleins theory of envy did not apply. Indeed he seems to be making it clear that he did not see his patients disappointment and hostility as constituting an attack on the good breast or the analysts good interpretations. Neither did he seem to see the patients fragmented presentation as the result of an envious attack on thinking or on the links that might have rendered his communications meaningful and relevant (Bion 1959). Instead, Bion appears to conclude that his patient was attempting to have an experience of an object who might be able to understand and transform the inchoate experiences of the as-yet-unintegrated-baby-he and was therefore seeking the realization of his preconception of an object who can contain these experiences as well as his innate capacity for love, reverence, and awe. I would put forward here that the containing capacity, initially found and felt to be located in this type of external object when introjected leads to the development of an internal object capable of sustaining and bearing feelings of ecstasy and love; an object that might form the basis of the patients own self-esteem. This aim certainly calls for an analyst who truly thinks well enough of himself and his own goodness that he is not dependent upon the goodness and cooperativeness of the patient in order for such a positive self-perception to be confirmed, and in order for him to continue to function analytically. Discussion with Frances Tustin During one of my final conversations with Frances Tustin (1994), with whom I enjoyed a close personal and professional relationship for over a decade, we had the opportunity to discuss this distinction, which Bion makes between the manic defense of idealization and the healthy striving to be in contact with an object deserving of reverence and awe. Prior to this time, Tustin had never read nor had she been aware of the existence of this paper of Bions, which I chanced to bring to her attention in the following way. When we were together in England, just one month before her death, I knew that Frances had little time to live and I wanted to express to her in most explicit terms how much her work had affected me. I wished to do this partly out of my own need to show my gratitude toward her this one last time. However, I also felt the need to reassure her, since she seemed to be plagued by a fear that she had not contributed enough, that what she had contributed would soon be lost or forgotten, or that it would have no effect on anyone after her death. When I told Frances how profoundly she had helped and inspired me in my thinking and practice as an analyst, she demurred, as if she felt I was in danger of idealizing her. She said that I gave her much too much credit for [my] good work and hard-won success, and she heaped upon me many other compliments that, although sincere, left me feeling somewhat rejected. Suddenly I felt a headache coming on, and my good spirits faded. When Frances noticed my mood had changed, she asked what the trouble was. I was quite candid with her about what I had felt and about what had followed, and said that I hoped she would be more mindful of the way she handled peoples gratitude for and admiration of her. After recounting my experience and those of the patients discussed in this paper, we talked over how she herself had stressed the idea that the ecstasy of at-one-ment (Tustin 1981) could only be borne if it were adequately contained by the mother herself (p.224-6). In the most primitive states of mind, beauty is associated with moments of bodily completeness in which there is an experience of ecstatic fusion with the earth-mother (Tustin, 1981/1992). If left uncontained, such ecstasy might be experienced as a dangerous overflow of bodily excitement equated with a devastating sense of two-ness (p.106), too much to be borne in mind, perhaps disintegrating into a painful if not unbearable somatic agony. When the beautiful experience of at-one-ment is unable to be kept in mind, not only does it leak out and dissolve in its antithesis the ugly tantrum of two-ness but the baby is now doomed to an eternal despairing search for that ever-present auto-sensual bit needed to flesh out its exp erience of being. We went on to talk at length about the relationship of the experience of ecstasy to that of the beautiful mother refered to both by Meltzer (1988) and by Winnicott (1945), as well as about Bions ideas regarding reverence and awe. We both knew that I was having difficulty facing the impending loss of her friendship and support, and that I was chafing at the prospect of her death. However it seemed to us in that moment that even more salient was my need to secure in our last contact her aid in containing all of my love and gratitude for her. Some Conclusions In part, as a result of that last conversation with Tustin, I have arrived at the conclusion that the resolution of what Meltzer called the aesthetic conflict might be predicated, at least in part, upon the capacity of the mother to contain the babys reverence and awe of her, along with her own capacity for tolerating her babys hatred, envy, and terror of loss. This may prove clinically crucial when we consider the process of internalization or introjection by the patient of the analyst and his/her functioning which is essential to insure a successful treatment. It might be said that the apprehension of beauty (Meltzer 1988) is linked to the existence at the core of the inner sphere of the personality of a container, not just for our painful experiences, but for those joyful ones as well; a containing object with the capacity to endure not just our feelings of hatred toward the object (and therefore toward the self), but one that is enduring of and resonating with those loving feelings felt toward the perceived external object, one in which the capacity for realistic self-love and esteem are rooted. As Kahlil Gibran wisely wrote in The Prophet : And a poet said, Speak to us of Beauty. And he answered: Where shall you seek beauty, and how shall you find her unless she herself be your way and your guide? And how shall you speak of her except she be the weaver of your speech? (1923/1976, p. 74) It must not escape our awareness that our capacity to love and therefore to forgive ourselves depends largely upon the way in which our loving feelings have been dealt with, accepted, and validated by an other. It seems when all is said and done that we are limited in part in our capacity for self-esteem by the limitations of our parents capacity (and later our analysts) to contain and therefore confirm our feelings of reverence and awe. I believe that herein lie several technical implications of enormous import. For example, we must consider that if we interpret the patients genuine reverence and awe of us (when we are felt as truly good objects) as a defensive idealization (as if we were instead being experienced as bad objects) perhaps out of some rigidly inappropriate adherence to our theories we will fail in our function as a container (Bion, 1977b) for experiences of true goodness, and consequently this essential internal function will fail to develop in the patient. Instead, the Super ego (Bion 1962, p.97) will be augmented and its devastating effects intensified, where forgiveness and the striving for life might otherwise healthfully prevail. Additionally, the development of an enduring faith in the existence of goodness and beauty, with increasing hope for their apprehension, will be stultified. When hopefulness perishes, nagging doubts about the goodness of the object and therefore about the worthiness of the self perpetuate in spite of repeated proofs of such goodness and worthiness. Moreover, increased envy and defensive idealization will proliferate hyperbolically (Mitrani 1993). As analysts we need to realize that the degree of our awareness of our strengths and limitations, and the extent of our willingness and ability to consider, to accurately evaluate, and to acknowledge to ourselves the impact of the messages we send to the baby-in-the-analysand from the castle of our inner world are crucial factors in providing an emotional experience for the patient that serves to mend old wounds and facilitate new growth.